What Is the Interquartile Range Rule

The interquartile range rule is useful in detecting the presence of outliers. Outliers are individual values that fall outside of the overall pattern of the rest of the data. This definition is somewhat vague and subjective, so it is helpful to have a rule to help in considering if a data point truly is an outlier. The Interquartile Range Any set of data can be described by its five number summary. These five numbers, in ascending order, consist of: The minimum, or lowest value of the datasetThe first quartile Q1 - this represents a quarter of the way through the list of all the dataThe median of the data set - this represents the midpoint of the list of all of the dataThe third quartile Q3 - this represents three quarters of the way through the list of all the dataThe maximum, or highest value of the data set. These five numbers can be used to tell us quite a bit about our data. For example, the range, which is just the minimum subtracted from the maximum, is one indicator of how to spread out the data set is. Similar to the range, but less sensitive to outliers, is the interquartile range. The interquartile range is calculated in much the same way as the range. All that we do is subtract the first quartile from the third quartile: IQR Q3 – Q1. The interquartile range shows how the data is spread about the median. It is less susceptible than the range to outliers. Interquartile Rule for Outliers The interquartile range can be used to help detect outliers. All that we need to do is to is the following: Calculate the interquartile range for our dataMultiply the interquartile range (IQR) by the number 1.5Add 1.5 x (IQR) to the third quartile. Any number greater than this is a suspected outlier.Subtract 1.5 x (IQR) from the first quartile. Any number less than this is a suspected outlier. It is important to remember that this is a rule of thumb and generally holds. In general, we should follow up in our analysis. Any potential outlier obtained by this method should be examined in the context of the entire set of data. Example We will see this interquartile range rule at work with a numerical example. Suppose we have the following set of data: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 10, 12, 17. The five number summary for this data set is minimum 1, first quartile 4, median 7, third quartile 10 and maximum 17. We may look at the data and say that 17 is an outlier. But what does our interquartile range rule say? We calculate the interquartile range to be Q3 – Q1 10 – 4 6 We now multiply by 1.5 and have 1.5 x 6 9. Nine less than the first quartile is 4 – 9 -5. No data is less than this. Nine more than the third quartile is 10 9 19. No data is greater than this. Despite the maximum value being five more than the nearest data point, the interquartile range rule shows that it should probably not be considered an outlier for this data set.

The Effects Of Television On Children s Brain - 1039 Words

The Effects of Television on Children Television sets can be found in almost every American’s home. They’re used for news report, daily weather forecast and for pleasure. However, time spent in front of the tube is linked to having adverse affects in the development of children’s brains. Excess screen time can be linked to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, aggressive behavior, poor mental development, and physical health issues later in life. In one study a young six year old boy was observed after being referred for aggression disorders in school. The observation found that he was watching three to four hours of television programming a day. When his mother would try to cut down on this time he would lash out and become very†¦show more content†¦Plus, when watching TV you’re not interacting with others. This lack of interaction leaves little opportunity to develop imaginative ideas. Without this kind of creative thought the child cannot b egin to strengthen their mental problem solving skills. A child’s ability to focus their attention on any given subject also seems to be under television attack. â€Å"The rapidly changing images and scenery of many television shows may over stimulate very young children and adversely affect the development of brain synapses,† (Lehman 14). As previously stated, television programs can cause over stimulation of the brain. This is not a good thing. Being flooded with stimuli inhibits the brain’s ability to focus on any one idea. This affects the child’s ability to contemplate deep thoughts, comprehend lessons, and participate in independent problem solving (Healy 917-918). Another troubling area concerning television at a young age is something referred to as ‘background television’. This is television that a child may be too young to comprehend and plays in the background during play, family time, chores, etc. The American Academy of Pediatric s, Committee on Public Education (1999) recommends no screen media exposure for children aged 2 years and younger. Nevertheless, nearly 75% of parents of very young children say that television is on ‘‘about half of the time’’ or more, even if no one is watching (Rideout

A General Guide for Writing Project/Thesis Free Essays

Dr. S. Torres, Jr. We will write a custom essay sample on A General Guide for Writing Project/Thesis or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Professor Division of Social Work California State University, Sacramento A General Guide for Writing Project/Thesis Special Note: This document is for instructional purposes only; faculty directing project/thesis may have different and/or additional requirements and guidelines. Students should consult with their project/thesis advisor for any specific requirements. A thesis is a substantial generalization that can stand by itself as the basis of an essay’s development. It is an assertion of what the writer believes is right or wrong and why, and it is a statement that can be either true or false.Students must be eligible to and then register for SWRK500 Culminating Experience as part of completing the Project/Thesis. SWRK500 Culminating Experience Advancement to candidacy is required prior to registration. Credit given upon successful completion of either, A. Thesis (an original contribution to knowledge) OR B. Research Project (addition to technical/professional knowledge or application of knowledge through case study, field study, documentary report, substantial annotated bibliography, or article of publishable quality) OR C.Directed Study and Comprehensive Examination (seminar, portfolio, examination). Prerequisite: SWRK 210. Graded Credit/No Credit. 2-4 units. Students should consider many factors in approaching a member of the Division’s faculty to act as advisor on a Project/Thesis. Chief among these factors is the faculty member’s interest and expertise on the topic of the Project/Thesis itself. Given the amount of time and energy the student is required to commit in completing a Project/Thesis they will want the assistance and guidance of someone of like interest and commitment.Occasionally, students may choose to develop a Project/Thesis topic that is a smaller part of a research project being conducted by the member of the faculty but this is not a requirement. In either case, students should consider trying to match their personal working style with that of the potential advisor’s when considering who to approach as a Project/Thesis advisor. Please keep in mind that teaching and other institutional responsibilities for each member of the Division’s faculty also impacts their availability to serve as Project/Thesis advisors.Chapter 1: Problem Statement and Overview Introduction The general introduction to the topic should discuss how you became interested in doing this research, study, or project. In this section you can write about your opinion or history as to why and or how you became interested in the topic or issue. This serves as a general introduction on the topic and eventually narrows to the specific topic area; discusses general concepts, gives a 1 reference or two if necessary, but the bulk/detail of related work is discussed later, and concludes with a clear statement on what the work is about.Suggested Length: On e and a half to three (1. 5 to 3) pages. Background of the Problem This is where the student is essentially answering the questions: who, what, where. when. You are establishing the basis for your project. You give specific information here. For example, if you are writing about programs for women leaving county jails, you would give the statistics on how many women are actually in jail, how many programs exist, etc This section is very important because it establishes what you will be doing in chapter two, the review of the literature.You are defining the parameters of your project, what is and what is not important and relevant to your project. In this section you will be citing sources of information. Suggested Length: four to six (4 to 6) pages. Statement of the Problem The statement of the problem is a clear and precise statement of what focus of the study is. Sample: There is a lack of well defined intervention services and treatment modalities for children diagnosed with Attachment Disorder.Sample: There is a need for empowering parents and teachers of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) through the development of access to user-friendly to resources and support in understanding, intervening and living with ADHD. Suggested Length: Typically one or two (1 to 2) sentences in length. Purpose of the Study Here the student is briefly stating the importance of the project/thesis. General points or questions to guide you on what to include in an the purpose of the study are: Why is the study or project needed? What practical problem does it address? Who will benefit from such the proposed study or project?Sample: The purpose of this project is to produce a re source handbook for women leaving jail. This handbook will be distributed †¦ Sample: The purpose of the study is to document and analyze the use of anatomical dolls in assessing possible sexual abuse among three and four year-old children. Suggested Length: One to two (1 to 2) paragraphs. 2 Theoretical Framework Here the student presents the theoretical foundation of that will be used as support in the analysis and understanding the topic of study. The theory(s) or perspective selected will of course be dependent on the focus and nature of the project.Sample: General systems theory, feminist perspective or the ecological perspective might be examples of what functions as the theoretical foundation of your study. The student, in consultation with their advisor will need to consider which theory(s) are most applicable and relevant for the topic. This section is usually not a detailed explanation of the theory itself but rather how the theory or perspective acts as foundation to the study. Suggested Length: One to two (1 to 2) pages. Definition of Terms This is where you provide definitions for frequently used technical terms.For example: in the project on women and jail, the terms recidivism, probation, work furlough, etc. would be defined. For the project on anatomical dolls, terms such as child abuse, molest, anatomical dolls would be defined. Suggested Length: Dependent on the number of terms to be defined. Assumptions This section asks the reader to accept specified assumptions as valid. No citations or proofs need to be provided. For example, if you were writing a project on some aspect of housing, you might write an assumption about the lack of adequate and affordable housing in the US today.This way you would assume that fact as true and not have to provide evidence to support it. Suggested Length: Dependent on the number of assumptions made. Justification General points or questions to guide you on what to include here are: Why is the study or project needed? What practical problem does it address? Who will benefit from such the proposed study or project? Suggested Length: One or two (1 or 2) paragraphs. Limitations Write a paragraph about what you will not be doing. For example, if you are doing a project on women and jails, you might be interviewing women in jail but not women who have been released from jail. For the project on anatomical dolls, children and parents were not interviewed, nor were judges or lawyers. Suggested Length: One or two (1 or 2) paragraphs. Chapter 2: Review of the Literature This is probably the most difficult chapter to write. It involves concentrated research. Here you are reviewing the essential literature on your topic. You will be identifying what has been written about your topic. That is, researching other people’s work, specifically pointing out how what you do is different/better than what they did. This should be focused around your topic, not just general items somewhere in the vicinity of your general area. This section requires very close consultation with your project/thesis advisor. You will be spending a great deal of time in the library, finding the relevant information. This can be very time consuming if you just start looking. You need to carefully identify the areas that need to be reviewed. You should have already done that in your Background of the Problem. You will have multiple citations from a number of different journals. You will also be citing books, but the most contemporary literature is in journals.In this section you will rarely be citing just one author, unless you are giving a direct quote. The purpose of this section is to tell the reader what is already known about the topic. If your topic is not well researched, you will look at related areas. One might approach this section as if writing mini-papers on each area then an integrative summary. Sample: A project on women and jails might include a review of the literature in the following areas: women and crime-general, women and punishment-general, women in jails, programs for women released from jails.Sample: A project on anatomical dolls, literature on the following areas might be reviewed: instrument credibility, interviewing credibility, developmental issues of the child subject. Suggested Length: Twenty pages (20) pages. Chapter 3: Methods This is where you describe how you are doing your research. Here you will describe your research design, the subjects and how you identified them, the research instrumentation being used, data gathering procedures, and protection of human subjects.For those of you who are doing manuals, you describe where and how you obtained your information in order to write the manual. Suggested Length: Two to four (2 to 4) pages. 4 Chapter 4: The Project This is it!! Here you present the data that you have collected. If you are writing a manual, the manual is here. You are simply telling the reader about what you found in your research. You can use graphs, charts etc. to present the data. Suggested Length: Dependent on the data that you have collected and form of project or thesis.Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and Implications In this chapter you will discuss your findings (from chapter 4) in terms of how these findings compare to, contrast with, or add to what was found in the literature review. You also get to write about what else needs to be done. What additional research should be conducted, how, for what purpose etc. General questions or points you could use to guide you in writing this section include: Revisits your objectives. Did you accomplish what you intended? Did you accomplish more than what you set out to accomplish originally?What were the major points learned? What are your contributions to the field? What foundation for future research have you established? Suggested Length: Three to Five (3 to 5) pages. Appendices and References The last section is the Appendices and References. This section of the Project/Thesis could include materials such as program flyers, instruments, questionnaires or other research tools that were used or developed for use in the project. Please keep in mind that if copyrighted materials are used one should obtain letters of release from the copyright holder and include as part of appendix.Under the heading of References you should include a complete list of cited materials used in completing your project/thesis. You are to use the guidelines contained in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (4th Edition) in writing references. Online Resources for Project/Thesis Writing CSUS, Division of Social Work Online Documents Forms http://www. hhs. csus. edu/SWRK/SWForms. htm CSUS, Office of Graduate Studies Online Forms http://www. csus. edu/gradstudies/forms. htm 5 How to cite A General Guide for Writing Project/Thesis, Papers

Human Rights and Health Concerns free essay sample

Abortion is a controversial issue that opens allows for a large field of topics. These can run the gamut from moral to legal. Below are just a few examples that could assist in narrowing the scope of abortion. Note that there are many more areas that could narrow this subject and give you a better idea on the kinds of questions to ask. Legal Moral Women Rights Health Concerns to Women This is also a good idea for any other issue or subject you encounter in your academic writing career. It helps to narrow anything you come across as most topics or subjects an instructor gives you will be broad on purpose. The reason for this is encourage you to think about the subject and research it. Take the issue or subject and whittle it down into specific topics or areas. Whittle those topics or areas into specific questions. We’ll move on to the second one next. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Rights and Health Concerns or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ask yourself questions about the subject or topic. If asking questions about the narrowed topic seems too†¦narrow, ask questions of the greater subject. Why abortion is considered cruel? Why do anti-abortion factions consider abortion murder? What are the laws and opinions on abortion in other countries and how do they vary from the US (or your country)? What are the costs of Planned Parenthood? Women’s rights and abortion. What health concerns does abortion pose to women? Extremism groups and abortion. The history of abortion in the US (or your country). Government’s role or lack of a role in abortion. What are the moral concerns about abortion? Even though this article is mainly to cover writing prompts, we’ll give you a refresher on developing a thesis statement with the question. It’s not complex and there are several different outcomes you could get from only one question.