Motivation Theory and Practice Essay

Inspiration hypotheses and practices stay as one of the most troublesome subject to comprehend. So as to completely appreciate this subject, one must experience a few controls and gigantic research. This is particularly critical in the working environment. There is no technique that is more proficient in expanding efficiency than utilizing inspiration. Notwithstanding the significance of rehearsing inspiration hypotheses, it is as yet a zone that not very many have wandered in. One of the numerous purposes for the reluctances of supervisors to do inspiration hypotheses is because of the intricacy of understanding human conduct (Landy and Conte, 2007). In this manner, it is sheltered to state that most hypotheses of inspiration manage the various parts of human instinct. This paper is going to take a gander at 4 distinctive persuasive models. They are Maslows chain of command of necessities, Aldefers ERG hypothesis, Herzbergs two factor hypothesis just as Adams value hypothesis. The likenesses and contrasts of these models will likewise be talked about in this paper. This is the essential information for the following area of the paper that is use of these hypotheses by supervisors so as to help lessen the issue of automatic non-appearance in the working environment and worker separation. Inspirational models Maslows progression of necessities Nobody can make a scratch greater than Abraham Maslow who presents the order of requirements model in 1940s. There are 4 layers in this persuasive model and it is regularly depicted as a pyramid (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor, 2004). He accepts that specific human needs are overwhelmed over others. In this manner, at the base of the pyramid is the most essential and significant needs of an individual. This layer comprises of satisfying the physiological needs of an individual, for example, food, water and air (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor, 2004). Actually, these are angles that are required to guarantee the human endurance. After the physiological needs have been take into account, the second layer of the pyramid is fulfilling the wellbeing needs. This can be activated by war or monetary downturn whereby an individual looks for individual security, for example, family and wellbeing just as money related security like business and property (Montana and Charnov, 2008). As per Maslow, the third pecking order includes accomplishing a feeling of adoration and having a place (Montana and Charnov, 2008). This plays consistent with people nature as a social creature. Companionship, family and closeness assume a significant job in meeting enthusiastic commitment. The following layer is getting regard from others and building confidence (Montana and Charnov, 2008). Ailing in these perspectives will prompt defenselessness and sorrow. At last, at the highest point of pyramid is simply the layer completion (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor, 2004). This is where someone arrives at their maximum capacity throughout everyday life. One of the significant reactions of this model is the need to satisfy a people needs as per a chain of importance, from the base to the highest point of the pyramid. Nonetheless, all things considered, an individual can be demotivated therefore from different reasons and not following a specific request. Aldefers ERG hypothesis Clayton Aldefer concocts a reconsidered form of Maslows pecking order of requirements. The ERG hypothesis likewise portrays the need to satisfy human needs as indicated by a request. Each letter of this model speaks to the three degrees of necessities. They are presence, relatedness and development (Hoffmann, 2007). The presence needs are perspectives that are expected to keep up the physical prosperity of an individual (Pattanayak, 2005). After this has been satisfied, an individual will proceed onward to finding the relatedness needs, for example, building fulfilling relationship with others (Pattanayak, 2005). At long last, an individual will search out their requirements for development whereby the fitness level is created and maximum capacity is acknowledged (Hoffmann, 2007). One of the significant contrasts between Aldefers ERG hypothesis with Maslows persuasive model is the measure of adaptability. Despite the fact that it is principally focusing on an individual satisfying their needs dynamically, Aldefer likewise recognizes that an individual may relapse to bring down level needs as they are simpler to arrive at a degree of fulfillment. Other than that, this adaptability additionally permits ERG hypothesis to legitimize and watch a more extensive scope of conduct. Consequently, ERG hypothesis comprehends that various individuals will have various necessities and the request can be changed or even, sought after simultaneously. Herzbergs two factor hypothesis Frederick Herzberg is the clinician who established the two factor hypothesis. Concurring two him, there are two factors that assume a significant job in the improvement of inspiration and fulfillment of a worker in the work environment. They are known as the cleanliness and help factor (Tosi, Mero and Rizzo, 2000). Cleanliness factors are perspectives to stay away from repulsiveness while working yet don't ensure fulfillment (Tosi, Mero and Rizzo, 2000). This incorporates great working condition, sentiments of professional stability, quality relationship with boss and partners, organization strategy, compensation and etcetera. In the interim, inspiration elements will prompt self-improvement just as occupation fulfillment (Schermerhorn, 2011). These elements are significant so as to rouse representatives to work more enthusiastically and build profitability. Segments, for example, picking up acknowledgment, open door for advancement, given greater duty and invigorating work, just to give some examples, will spur laborers to improve their exhibitions. Herzbergs two factor hypothesis is like Maslows chain of command of requirements as far as recognizing the need to satisfy the necessities so that, inspiration can happen. Nonetheless, Herzberg contends that solitary the most elevated level of Maslows pyramid, self-realization, can prompt inspiration (Schermerhorn, 2011). The lower needs will possibly aim disappointment on the off chance that they are not satisfied. Adams value hypothesis This persuasive hypothesis is named after John Stacey Adam. The value hypothesis expresses that there ought to be an equivalent harmony between a representatives yield and contribution to request to make inspiration, fulfillment and profitability (Miner, 2007). A representatives input is the thing that and the amount they put into the work (Miner, 2007). This incorporates variations, for example, exertion, devotion, difficult work, duty, adaptability, trust in bosses and giving up of one's own priorities. In the interim, a representatives yield is the thing that the person receives back consequently (Jones, Steffy and Bray, 1991). Determinants like monetary prizes, acknowledgment, a feeling of accomplishment, acclaim and professional stability will be thought about. There is a closeness between Adams value hypothesis with models that are proposed by Maslow and Herzberg. He concurs that unpretentious variables can influence the view of a person towards their work. Be that as it may, the value hypothesis model is progressively liquid and therefore, makes mindfulness just as understanding to all the more likely handle more extensive circumstances from people multi-faceted conduct (Jones, Steffy and Bray, 1991). Use of persuasive hypotheses by chiefs in the work environment Motivation assumes a urgent job in any associations as far as expanding profitability. The viability of an organization is profoundly subject to their workers want to take a stab at progress. Then again, demotivated laborers can cause a few issues. One of them is the automatic truancy in the work environment. This is a pointer of low execution as laborers can't finish their obligation or commitment to their fullest. Another issue with demotivated laborers is separation. Withdrawn workers are not intrigued or have no energy in their employments any longer. This inclination will ponder their poor work exhibitions. This area talks about the use of persuasive speculations that have been referenced above by chiefs to take care of the previously mentioned issues in the working environment. There are numerous variables that can add to the demotivation of workers. Principally, this is brought about by the sentiment of disappointment with their work. One way chiefs can rouse their laborers is through the production of motivating forces, for example, gift vouchers, giving acknowledgment and arranging inviting rivalries (Landy and Conte, 2007). In light of Maslows persuasive model, directors can offer various motivating forces to assist workers with fulfilling each need. Consequently, administrators ought to likewise know that every representative is persuaded in various manners and requires distinctive motivating force designs that take into account their necessities (Landy and Conte, 2007). Other than that, workers don't climb the chain of importance simultaneously and on a similar pace. Aside from that, administrators can attempt to spur their workers by rehearsing Herzbergs inspirational hypothesis. Receiving a progressively just methodology can really assist with checking issues, for example, non-appearance and separation as workers have a positive view about their occupations (Lussier and Achua, 2009). One route is to give the laborers an assortment of assignments to perform. This will make the activity appears to be all the more intriguing and less everyday. Administrators ought to likewise not be fraid to challenge their representatives with progressively complex errands. This can be animating and make a feeling of achievement when workers can finish them. Other than that, administrators can consider giving their laborers more force with regards to settling on choices about their employments. In the event that a supervisor rehearses the ERG hypothesis, the person in question will think of plans that focus on the different needs of the workers one after another so as to inspire them (Lussier and Achua, 2009). The disappointment relapse step ought to likewise be taken into genuine thought (Landy and Conte, 2007). In this manner, a representative ought not be accused when the person makes a stride in reverse in their activity execution in light of the fact that nature doesn't permit the person in question to have the chance to develop actually and advance to a higher status. It is significant for directors to deal with this circumstance as quickly as time permits in light of the fact that disappointed representatives who are not happy with their occupations will prompt demotivation after a draw out timeframe. This is when workers tend to be missing or withdraw fro

How to Study and Discuss Cases

The contextual analysis is an amazing learning apparatus for a business significant understudy. We may discover deciphering and expounding on cases confusing, testing, or out and out baffling. As a matter of first importance, we ought to have great mentality, for example, individual activity, independence, interest, facing challenge and persistence.. We should be activity to examine, and to believe in ourselves, yet in addition to think autonomously and discover the arrangements. Interest is important to assemble us to watch and find all stuff that identified with the cases. Set out to face challenges, since disappointment is the mother of progress. To have enough tolerance to consider the case arrangement. Second, great foundation is likewise essential to our contextual analysis. The framework incorporates study condition, device, other relative setting for business contextual investigation. Concentrating in the perfect spot is important to us to guarantee the nature of learning and thinking in light of the fact that loud condition various out consideration from the cases. We likewise need sufficient opportunity to peruse and dissect a case, and go through at any rate an hour and a half there for each contextual investigation. Business word reference is a significant apparatus for us to investigation cases in light of the fact that numerous individuals are not English speaker, and business word reference enables those individuals to see all the terms in cases; it is an essential for understanding the case. Extending the measure of perusing is another instrument to comprehend and settle cases, particularly business paper, magazine, and business-news Web webpage on the Internet. Those business perusing materials not just assist us with building a setting for the contextual analysis you are attempting to unravel right now and make associations between the contextual investigation and recent developments, yet in addition causes us know late market elements. Figuring out how to utilize programming, for example, Microsoft Excel to investigate the information for the situation. We should shape an examination gathering and meets as often as possible since we will find out more and perform better in class interest by talking about the cases together in a learning group. We likewise need to know out educator on the grounds that the teacher is a piece of the learning foundation. At last, we should keep great execution also. Peruse the cases actually rapidly in the principal perusing, however don't take notes on the main perusing, and read the initial not many passages that typically state a very much developed about the issue. At that point, experience the shows and the information to examination them. Concentrate on some premise questions, for example,  Who are the heroes for the situation? Å", Å"Who must make a move on the issue? , etc. Finding solutions for those premise questions is the initial step of comprehend whole cases. At last, we ought to characterize the issue dependent on the ideas, head and hypothesis. In the wake of characterizing, we have to consider the arrangement of the case. At the point when we settle on arrangement choice, we keep self-assurance and confide in ourselves. All in all, investigation business contextual analysis is an exhaustive advancement. Since there is no correct response to these cases. At the point when we are in the class, we take part effectively on the side of our decisions, yet at the same time be available to new experiences since there is no an accurate answer for such cases. Business case considering is a decent perspective about business circumstance that we can convey from one employment to what's to come. It is additionally to lead us to win later on.

Whats the Difference Between a Hyphen and a Dash

What’s the Difference Between a Hyphen and a Dash (4) They might all look like lines on a page, but hyphens and dashes serve different purposes. To begin, a hyphen (-) is shorter than a dash (â€"). Hyphens join words together and dashes indicate range. But that’s just the beginning. If you really want to keep these lines straight, read on. What is a hyphen? A mark of punctuation that joins words, or word parts, together. Hyphen Examples: half-baked, non-violent, twenty-seven Common Hyphen Uses Numbers Numbers written or typed from 21 to 99 Examples:   twenty-one, ninety-nine Fractions Written fractions Examples:   two-thirds, nine-sixteenths Connection If an entire word cannot fit on a single line, a hyphen is used. This is often seen in newspapers or written work. Examples: We are planning an explo- ration of the Amazon. My English teacher took points off my bibli- ography since it was not in MLA or APA format. Compound Modifiers Words that are joined together to describe the noun that follows. Example: kid-friendly restaurant, fashion-forward magazine, MLA in-text citation Compound Nouns Two or more words that have been combined to be understood as one. Example: six-year-old, daughter-in-law Note: Compound modifiers  are usually only hyphenated when they come before the noun they describe. Example: We live in off-campus housing vs. We live off campus. The rules for hyphenation are hotly debated and change often. For example, some words that used to be hyphenated, like “homeowners” and “email,” are now simple compound words. To be absolutely sure, use an up-to-date reference guide or dictionary. Remember: A hyphen’s job is to join words together which means when typed, there should never be a space on either side. What is a dash? A mark of punctuation that indicates a range. Example: In my opinion 2012 â€"â€" 2014 were the best years yet. A mark of punctuation that indicates a non-essential phrase in a sentence. Example: Jennyâ€"â€"who called herself my best friendâ€"â€"stole my boyfriend. Dashes are longer than hyphens and they come in two types. En dash The en-dash is the shorter of the two. It is about as long as the letter “N.” The en-dash indicates range. Example: For tonight’s homework, read pages 35â€"50. It can also be used to write sports scores. Example: Our team won 75â€"60. Em dash The em-dash is the longest of all. It is about the same length as the letter “M” and should never have spaces before or after. As the longest, it is used when you want to create great emphasis on a phrase. Example: After I baked the cakesâ€"twelve in totalâ€"the client cancelled the order. How to create hyphens and dashes in a document One reason hyphens and dashes are confused is that only the hyphen has a designated key on the typical keyboard, but there is a way to create them all. The hyphen is simply the minus sign on your keyboard. Creating a dash is slightly more complicated and varies between word processing programs. For some, tapping the minus sign twice and hitting the space bar is enough, while others require a combination of the shift, control and option keys. A quick online search will help you find the right solution for your writing tools. Hyphens and dashes may look similar, but if you can master their subtle differences you are well on your way to defining your own writing style. Now that you have dashes and hyphens down, review your paper for other grammatical points with the EasyBib Plus essay checker! Check for spelling, subject-verb agreement, and other potential issues. We also have grammar guides to help you learn what is a prepositional phrase, how determiners work, how to use interjections, and other grammar basics.

Should Firms Encourage The Environment And Support The...

Should firms try to meet the expectations to enhance the the environment and support the community and still meet the financial interest of the shareholders or are they just to focus on the profits of a firm? Consumers and society believe that the firm hold a Corporate Social Responsibility to use their resources to benefit society. Then there are others that feel like the firms have already met their social responsible by providing the community with job and tax revenue that they did not have before. It is very easy to see both sides and argue either way. This debate begun in 1932 with opposing articles (Dodd 1932; Berle 1932) in a Harvard Law Review symposium on â€Å"For Whom Are Corporate Managers Trustees?’ (Reinhardt, F., Stavins, R., Vietor, R, 2016). Those that argue for CSR often refer to the Triple Bottom Line, which is the notion that companies need to maintain and improve on the ecological and social performance in addition to the economic performance (Parnell, 2014). In other words, they feel that the firms should just not be about profit, that they should think about the society and surroundings. Firms must therefore consider the impacts of their actions on affected stakeholders. Those against CSR may argue that if you participate in CSR that are you stealing from shareholder’ monies. The argument against CSR is supported by well-known quote found in Milton Friedman’s 1970 New York Times Magazine article reads as follows: â€Å"[The responsibility of aShow MoreRelatedStarbucks as a Morally Responsible Company1420 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks as a Morally Responsible Company: Starbucks Coffee Company is an American coffee firm that operates globally and headquartered in Seattle, Washington. Currently, Starbucks Coffee Company is the largest coffeehouse firm across the globe with over 20,000 chain stores in more than 60 countries. Generally, the company serves various brands of hot and cold beverages across its stores such as microground instant coffee, pastries, whole-bean coffee, and full-leaf teas. The success and productivityRead MoreAnalysis Of Ccs Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy1491 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation security are given the highest importance as these have the highest potentials to impact CC’s success and sustainability. Environment initiatives like carbon emission and business travels have the least import in this firm’s CSR strategies. 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ThisRead MoreResearch Design And Sample Selection1572 Words   |  7 Pagessocial, governance, environmental practices. It is important to note that the KLD data base provide analysis for SP 500 firms. The KLD data base provides 7 dimensions of CSR: community, diversity, employee, environment, product, human rights, and corporate governance. And in this study, five qualitative measures of CSR are employed: community, diversity, employee, environment, and product. To generate the CSR net score variable, the total score of these five qualitative measure are subtracted from

Leadership and Systematic Change Essay - 1545 Words

Leadership and Systematic Change Essay Stephanie Boxler Grand Canyon University EDA-575 April 24, 2013 Leadership and Systematic Change An article about leadership by Forbes magazine sums it up best by saying that leadership is simply â€Å"someone who has followers† (Frobes.com, 2013). The school subject is Innovations International Charter School of Nevada (IICSN), and in this facility there is only one administrator. This administrator will be referred to as Dr.M throughout this essay. In the following essay, leadership style and application will be addressed, as well as information on systematic change. Throughout this week, systematic change has been the topic of conversation, so in this essay, there will be a discussion as to†¦show more content†¦The betterment of the school is always front and foremost at IICSN. Even though things go wrong, the administration always makes sure that the students and staff are safe, regardless of what is happening with other teacher, parents, and students. Systemic change is a recurrent process in which the influence of change on all parts and their relationships to one another are taken into contemplation. Systematic change allows for change on the policy, technology, education, and information levels, it goes beyond thinking about individuals and single problems. Change is an important part of progress and systematic change is a huge undertaking for a school, even any business. People are resistant to change, they like being comfortable, but sometimes being comfortable is not being effective. This week while discussing change, an article stood out; the author wrote â€Å"†¦comprehensive school reform will succeed only if it’s predicated on a sustained, cooperative, and trusting relationship among parents, school and district staff, and the school board governing the system† (Usdan, 2010, pp.9). In many ways this is true, systematic change is such a large amount of change, people that are not supportive of the change can ultimately cause it to fail. In some cases, one person’s lack of interest in the change can cause a successful school toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Eda 575 Leadership and Systematic Change1422 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: LEADERSHIP AND SYSTEMATIC CHANGE Leadership and Systematic Change Ronte Harris Grand Canyon University: EDA-575 January 16, 2013 Often times the largest and most complex challenge in leadership is the ability to recognize the need and institute change. 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Marx and Weber within Religion Free Essays

string(223) " this a cause and effect phenomenon as this illusory hope of common and exploited folk further distoirts the socio-economic condition and in this way self-alienation of individual oincreases with more reliance on religion\." Marx and Durkheim jointly cover the nucleus of the sociological thought on various issues. They encompass the major issues within the sociological tradition. Religion remained their favorite sociological subject and their have speculated over the issue in the modern sociological context. We will write a custom essay sample on Marx and Weber within Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marxian reflection on the sociology of religion is very limited whereas Durkheim has contributed largely on the philosophical and sociological issues pertaining to religion.   Marx is considered as an avant-garde sociologist on the concept of religion. Being influenced by Hegel’s philosophy, Marx considers religion is a manifestation of â€Å"material realities and economic injustice†. Therefore, he labels problems in religion are eventually ultimate social problems. Most of the Marxian thought on the sociological aspects of religion is reflected in the quite a few opening paragraphs of his â€Å"Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: Introduction.† These are the same passages that include his widely quoted pronouncement on religion, that â€Å"it is the opium of the people.† Nevertheless, this statement by Marx can not be taken as demonstration of Marxian religious view. It is often misquoted devoid of its context. Marx’s starts his essay â€Å"Contribution to a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right† with such words; â€Å"For Germany the criticism of religion is in the main complete, and criticism of religion is the premise of all criticism.† (Marx 1964B: 43) This raises the concerns why Marx has pronounced religious criticism as the essential element of all criticisms. The basic factor that compelled Marx to declare religious criticism as the basic form was the magnitude of significance that religion holds in the lives of humans. Now the question arises why Marx has declared the criticism of religion as he basic of all criticisms. John Macmurrary considers that it was the acknowledgement of historical judgment on the part of Marx. It was an illustration of his understanding on the social function of religion. He says in this regard; By criticism, in this phrase, we must be careful to understand what Marx understood by it, not the blank denial of religion, but the historical understanding of its necessity and function in society, which leads to its dialectical negation when its function is completed. Marx meant that the understanding of religion was the key to the understanding of social history. (Macmurrary 1935: 219) Mckown reinforces the same understanding like Mcmurray that Marx deems religion as a useful social tool and this thinking developed as profound analysis of social history pertaining to religion. But Mckown further emphasizes that this statement has too much generalization. (Mckown, 1975. p.46) Marx further asserts that religion is the production of social evolution and its serves society and state in several ways.   He does not eulogize religion but consider it of vital importance for layman as it enriches their lives with sense of worth. He says in this regards; Religion is, indeed, the self-consciousness and self-esteem of man who has either not yet won through to himself, or has already lost himself again. But man is no abstract being squatting outside the world. Man is the world of man—state, society. This state and this society produce religion, which is an inverted consciousness of the world, because they are an inverted world. Religion is the general theory of this world, its encyclopedic compendium, its logic in popular form, its spiritual point d’honneur, its enthusiasm, its moral sanction, its solemn complement, and its universal basis of consolation and justification. It is the fantastic realization of the human essence since the human essence has not acquired any true reality. The struggle against religion is, therefore, indirectly the struggle against that world whose spiritual aroma is religion. (Marx, 1964) Appraisal of religion is primary as religion creates the inverted delusions that the religion world i.e life hereafter, deities etc. is factual and that the material world is a shadow of that real life. So in his criticism of â€Å"religion†, he hit any religion that capsizes the physical world from being the primary reality. As an acquittal from his explicit attack on, Marx lessens his negative perception by evaluating the foundational purpose of religion in this way; â€Å"Religious suffering is at the same time an expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the sentiment of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.† Marx’s religious viewpoint is not sympathetic toward religion and he does not consider it an extra-human phenomenon. But he is of the view hat religion is a product of society in order to provide solace to the distressed people. It was the mechanization of the poor to create an illusory world for themselves to create an escape from harsh realities of life. So he thinks that abolition of religion is necessary to eradicate the illusory world and create an environment for their real happiness. He says that religion is not a malady in itself but it is the indication and the remedy (simultaneously) of that malady i.e. religion is an expression and solution to a more fundamental happiness. So Marxian assertions about religion are not negative as they are often understood and interpreted. It manifests that Marx has a â€Å"partial validation of religion† until a suitable economic system does not remove the causes that created it. Marxian idea of religion derives its strength from his idea of â€Å"alienation†. He think hat it was â€Å"alienation† [1] that dehumanize the individuals and religious opium comes as a minimum resistance by the exploited people that provides illusory hope against the real exploitation. Another Marxian critic, Norman Birnbaum (1969), interpret this phenomenon in his way, to Marx, â€Å"religion is a spiritual response to a condition of alienation.† (p.126) Illustrating the ultimate and real purpose of religion (contrary to the view of the commom folk), he further exaplin Marxian view; â€Å"Religion was conceived to be a powerful conservative force that served to perpetuate the domination of one social class at the expense of others.† (Ibid 127).† So this a cause and effect phenomenon as this illusory hope of common and exploited folk further distoirts the socio-economic condition and in this way self-alienation of individual oincreases with more reliance on religion. You read "Marx and Weber within Religion" in category "Essay examples" Raines[2] sums up the Marxian sociology of religion in this way; â€Å"Like the Hebrew prophets of old, Marx knew that to speak of social justice we must become socially self-critical, and that means becoming critical of the ruling powers—whether they be kings or priests or investment bankers†¦. For Marx, all ideas are relative to the social location and interests of their production. And like the prophets before him, the most revealing perspective is not from the top down or the center outward, but the†¦point of view of the exploited and marginalized. Suffering can see through and unveil official explanations; it can cry out and protest against the arrogance of power.† (Raines) To Durkheim, religion was a social phenomenon that originates directly from the social needs of a society but he considers it an essential regulating force that shapes and determines the consciousness of a society. But its most important purpose is social cohesion. A close analysis of history by Durkheim[3] reflected that religion is a valid and vital force that binds the individuals and societies together.   Describing Durkheim motives o study religion on a broader level, Lewis Coser write in his monumental work â€Å"Maters of Sociological Thought†; Durkheim’s earlier concern with social regulation was in the main focused on the more external forces of control, more particularly legal regulations that can be studied, so he argued, in the law books and without regard to individuals. Later he was led to consider forces of control that were internalized in individual consciousness. Being convinced that â€Å"society has to be present within the individual,† Durkheim, following the logic of his own theory, was led to the study of religion, one of the forces that created within individuals a sense of moral obligation to adhere to society’s demands. (Coser, 1977. p. 136) Durkheim main concern was trace down the social origin of religion. the sociological interpretaion of religion. Fot this purpose, he tried to comprehend the basic forms of social religions. He   illustrated that Australian Toteism is the most rudimentary form of a religion. He considers that it was the basic social necessity of the social entity that compelled that group to devise a religious activity. Further explaining the social origin of religion, Durkhein says that religion is an epitome of social cohesion. To Durkheim, society was not a mere collection of individual but is has other internal and external dimensions. Internally, it is the substantial device that moulds our beliefs and attitudes while on the external horizon, it exerts and maintains pressures from the society to facilitate conformity to the above-mentioned collective beliefs and attitudes. For these two purposes, it devised the religious activity. He thought that the absolute purpose of religion is to enable people to show a willingness put their invidual interests and personal propensities and to put interests of society ahead of their own. So it capaciates the people to get ready for a cohesive social life. Ultimately, if individuals want to be happy, so they must regulate their individual needs and aspirations and their propensities must be confined into limits. This regulatory role must thus be executed by an external agency superior to the individual i.e. by society. Both these feature of social facts explains clearly that society is an independent entity that works for the collective benefits and dies not surrender to individual proclivities and requirements. Religion acts as social tool for this regulatory role of society. Religion internalizes that regulatory process and individuals act on that as an obligation. Durkheim consider religion as â€Å"society divinised† because religion only acts in the social domain. Durkheim observes god of divine manifestations of it as society itself. He takes god in the functional perspective and attributes functional traits to god and further links these characteristics to social phenomenon. For example, he says that â€Å"god is first of all a being that man conceives of as superior to himself in some respects and one on whom he believes he depends. †¦ Society also fosters in us the sense of perpetual dependence. †¦ Society requires us to make ourselves its servants, forgetful of our own interests†. (Elementary Forms for Religious Life, p. 208-209). Durkheim deems religion as â€Å"a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden—beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them† (Elementary Forms for Religious Life, p. 47). He makes an important distinction in religious domain that is based on the separation of human experiences i.e. profane and the Sacred. Profane is the dominion of mundane life experiences i.e. routine work, daily life activities etc. This sphere has an ultimate utilitarian approach. The sacred realm constitutes of no-mundane experiences that includes he recognition of a non-empirical authority and non-utilitarian activities.   He says in this regard; A society whose members are united by the fact that they think in the same way in regard to the sacred world and its relations with the profane world, and by the fact that they translate these common ideas to common practices, is what is called a Church. In all history, we do not find a single religion without a Church. (Elementary Forms for Religious Life, p. 44) So a superior fusion of profane and sacred life makes the social cohesion that is necessary to put the civilization on the path of progress and prosperity. He describes the social association as an incarnation of relation between individuals and divinity. Coser says in this regard; â€Å"Religion is eminently social: it occurs in a social context, and, more importantly, when men celebrate sacred things, they unwittingly celebrate the power of their society. This power so transcends their own existence that they have to give it sacred significance in order to visualize it. (Coser, 1977. p. 136) Durkheim does not support Comte’s assertion that humans must endeavor to create a new â€Å"humanitarian cult† based on the rational principles. Durkheim like Marx does not suggest an abrupt ending to religion but reinforces the Marxian that it should work until an appropriate alternative does not replace this vital sociological tool. He says in this regard, â€Å"We must discover the rational substitutes for these religious notions that for a long time have served as the vehicle for the most essential moral ideas.† (Moral Education, 1961. p.9) Coser sums up the religions ultimate function as described by Durkhein, in this way; Finally, religion has a euphoric function in that it serves to counteract feelings of frustration and loss of faith and certitude by reestablishing the believers’ sense of well-being, their sense of the essential rightness of the moral world of which they are a part. By countering the sense of loss, which, as in the case of death, may be experienced on both the individual and the collective level, religion helps to reestablish the balance of private and public confidence. (Coser, 1976. p.139) So Both Marx and Durkheim consider religion important social tools that give purpose and meaning to the human life.[4] Both consider the values of world religions i.e. intrinsic value and dignity of human perspective an important element but Marx views it as a toll of the oppressor to perpetuate its practices and to provide a fictitious idealism of human dignity to the common folk.   However both consider institution of religion as an imperative social necessity hitherto. References Bellah, Robert. â€Å"Durkheim and History.† American Sociological Review 24 (1959): 447- 61. Chiodi, P. Sartre and Marxism. Harvester Press Ltd. 1976. Coser, Lewis A. Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. 1977. Emile Durkheim, Moral Education. New York; The Free Press.1961. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York; The Free Press, 1954. Macmurrary, John. The Early Development of Marx’s thought in Christianity and The Social Revolution. Ed. John Lewis;  Karl Polanyi;  Donald K Kitchin. London, Gollancz, 1935. Mckown, Delos Banning. The classical Marxist critiques of religion: Marx, Engels, Lenin, Kautsky. The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff, 1975. Marx. Karl. Introduction to a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. 1844 Pickering, W. S. F. Durkheim’s Sociology of Religion: Themes and Theories. London: Routledge K. Paul. 1984. Raines, John. Marx on Religion. Philadelphia : Temple University Press, 2002. [1] Chiodi, the famous Marxian critic, Has defined Marx concept of alienation in these words; â€Å" It is the negative process by which a subject makes himself other than himself by virtue of a constraint which is capable of being removed on the initiative of the subject himself. â€Å" (Chiodi, 1976. p.80) [2] John Raines is Professor of Religion at Temple University. [3] Most of the Durkheim’s critics regards his findings as theoretical and ahistorical contemplations but Bellah is of the view that â€Å"Almost all of [Durkheim’s] own researches draw heavily from historical and ethnological sources and are in fact organized in an historical framework† (p.  448). [4] Durkheim considers it the ultimate function whereas Marx labels it as inverted and pretended reality. How to cite Marx and Weber within Religion, Essay examples

Social Inequality Essays - Social Inequality, Social Status

Social Inequality As we prosper through time, inequality is slowly less evident. A lot of people don't realize that although things are improving with time, inequality is still prominent in our society. The people that are failing to realize that there still is inequality, are the fortunate ones. They rise well above the poverty line, and usually live relatively economically sound lives. They are the people who are supplied with our society's benefits. The people that are in pursuit of social change, and constantly bring attention to issues of equal rights and privileges, are often the people that do not have them. They are the ones who suffer daily from different levels of inequality. The majority of post-secondary students are considered to be privileged people. This tends to cause an ignorance, or lack of education, towards inequality because most of the students do not experience great levels of inequality. When our class was given our first quiz, everybody was able to feel a sense of inequality. As the class was divided into the different time groups, every student felt the unequal opportunity. Even the students that were allotted the most time for the quiz were able to at least see the inequality. As different times were announced the less fortunate students began to complain, and the more fortunate ones realized that their once equal peers, were now placed in an unequal situation. Since most of the students do not experience great amounts of inequality, the unequal time distribution shocked them. Fortunately for myself, I have grown up in an upper-middle class family. Although my parents have always tried to educate me on inequality, I never experienced much of it. During the class exercise I was placed in group three, and was given six minutes to complete my quiz. Although this was almost enough time for me to complete my quiz, I was definitely jealous of the students that were allotted more time. Even though the groups were arranged randomly, I still felt like I was treated unequally to my peers. I felt unequal to both my peers that had more, and less time, than me. The situation made me angry, and I wanted an explanation from the instructor for the unequal situation that was forced upon me. I felt the injustice because I had a different time to write my quiz than a neighboring peer; who pays the same tuition, and attends the same class as I do. I wanted to know why some of my peers were given more time than I was, thus enabling them to possibly score higher on the quiz. Th is quiz was the first mark of the course, and was I worried that my first grade was going to be a poor one. When the instructor explained the purpose of the exercise I realized what an excellent point he had proven. He forced us in an unequal situation that was out of our control. It was nothing we could have predicted or done anything about. This unique exercise put me on a new level of stratification that I was not used to. It made me feel how other people, not only in my society, but worldwide, feel about inequality everyday. The difference was that I was soon given an explanation, and returned to my regular level of stratification. Many people in our society are given no explanation to their forced inequality. Although the classroom exercise does not compare to the real world, it still stirred feelings of rage, helplessness and discouragement. Looking through the window of the unequal situation changed my views on lower groups of society. It made me realize how difficult social mobility can be. I can understand the Davis-Moore thesis, which states that stratification has beneficial consequences. It is easy for people on the higher end of the stratification hierarchy to agree with this because they believe that the harder one works, the more they will achieve, thus promoting production in society. Individuals at lower ends of the stratification system disagree with that. Their social status prevents them from achieving their best because all of the benefits and advantages are given to those of a higher status. The lower class is constantly denied society's privileges, such as education. This