Whats the Difference Between a Hyphen and a Dash

What’s the Difference Between a Hyphen and a Dash (4) They might all look like lines on a page, but hyphens and dashes serve different purposes. To begin, a hyphen (-) is shorter than a dash (â€"). Hyphens join words together and dashes indicate range. But that’s just the beginning. If you really want to keep these lines straight, read on. What is a hyphen? A mark of punctuation that joins words, or word parts, together. Hyphen Examples: half-baked, non-violent, twenty-seven Common Hyphen Uses Numbers Numbers written or typed from 21 to 99 Examples:   twenty-one, ninety-nine Fractions Written fractions Examples:   two-thirds, nine-sixteenths Connection If an entire word cannot fit on a single line, a hyphen is used. This is often seen in newspapers or written work. Examples: We are planning an explo- ration of the Amazon. My English teacher took points off my bibli- ography since it was not in MLA or APA format. Compound Modifiers Words that are joined together to describe the noun that follows. Example: kid-friendly restaurant, fashion-forward magazine, MLA in-text citation Compound Nouns Two or more words that have been combined to be understood as one. Example: six-year-old, daughter-in-law Note: Compound modifiers  are usually only hyphenated when they come before the noun they describe. Example: We live in off-campus housing vs. We live off campus. The rules for hyphenation are hotly debated and change often. For example, some words that used to be hyphenated, like “homeowners” and “email,” are now simple compound words. To be absolutely sure, use an up-to-date reference guide or dictionary. Remember: A hyphen’s job is to join words together which means when typed, there should never be a space on either side. What is a dash? A mark of punctuation that indicates a range. Example: In my opinion 2012 â€"â€" 2014 were the best years yet. A mark of punctuation that indicates a non-essential phrase in a sentence. Example: Jennyâ€"â€"who called herself my best friendâ€"â€"stole my boyfriend. Dashes are longer than hyphens and they come in two types. En dash The en-dash is the shorter of the two. It is about as long as the letter “N.” The en-dash indicates range. Example: For tonight’s homework, read pages 35â€"50. It can also be used to write sports scores. Example: Our team won 75â€"60. Em dash The em-dash is the longest of all. It is about the same length as the letter “M” and should never have spaces before or after. As the longest, it is used when you want to create great emphasis on a phrase. Example: After I baked the cakesâ€"twelve in totalâ€"the client cancelled the order. How to create hyphens and dashes in a document One reason hyphens and dashes are confused is that only the hyphen has a designated key on the typical keyboard, but there is a way to create them all. The hyphen is simply the minus sign on your keyboard. Creating a dash is slightly more complicated and varies between word processing programs. For some, tapping the minus sign twice and hitting the space bar is enough, while others require a combination of the shift, control and option keys. A quick online search will help you find the right solution for your writing tools. Hyphens and dashes may look similar, but if you can master their subtle differences you are well on your way to defining your own writing style. Now that you have dashes and hyphens down, review your paper for other grammatical points with the EasyBib Plus essay checker! Check for spelling, subject-verb agreement, and other potential issues. We also have grammar guides to help you learn what is a prepositional phrase, how determiners work, how to use interjections, and other grammar basics.

Should Firms Encourage The Environment And Support The...

Should firms try to meet the expectations to enhance the the environment and support the community and still meet the financial interest of the shareholders or are they just to focus on the profits of a firm? Consumers and society believe that the firm hold a Corporate Social Responsibility to use their resources to benefit society. Then there are others that feel like the firms have already met their social responsible by providing the community with job and tax revenue that they did not have before. It is very easy to see both sides and argue either way. This debate begun in 1932 with opposing articles (Dodd 1932; Berle 1932) in a Harvard Law Review symposium on â€Å"For Whom Are Corporate Managers Trustees?’ (Reinhardt, F., Stavins, R., Vietor, R, 2016). Those that argue for CSR often refer to the Triple Bottom Line, which is the notion that companies need to maintain and improve on the ecological and social performance in addition to the economic performance (Parnell, 2014). In other words, they feel that the firms should just not be about profit, that they should think about the society and surroundings. Firms must therefore consider the impacts of their actions on affected stakeholders. Those against CSR may argue that if you participate in CSR that are you stealing from shareholder’ monies. The argument against CSR is supported by well-known quote found in Milton Friedman’s 1970 New York Times Magazine article reads as follows: â€Å"[The responsibility of aShow MoreRelatedStarbucks as a Morally Responsible Company1420 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks as a Morally Responsible Company: Starbucks Coffee Company is an American coffee firm that operates globally and headquartered in Seattle, Washington. Currently, Starbucks Coffee Company is the largest coffeehouse firm across the globe with over 20,000 chain stores in more than 60 countries. Generally, the company serves various brands of hot and cold beverages across its stores such as microground instant coffee, pastries, whole-bean coffee, and full-leaf teas. The success and productivityRead MoreAnalysis Of Ccs Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy1491 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation security are given the highest importance as these have the highest potentials to impact CC’s success and sustainability. Environment initiatives like carbon emission and business travels have the least import in this firm’s CSR strategies. Description of the adopted CSR-response to the CC various stakeholders Doing Business In doing business, the firm continues to create and sustain established market-shaping practices in relation to ethics, professional standards and risk managementRead MoreThe Ability to Learn and to Attain Knowledge 1511 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will be arguing that a balance between guidance and support must be met in order for management to positively and successfully contribute to the management of knowledge and learning of employees. I will be arguing that leadership indeed plays a pivotal role in the formation and influence of knowledge and learning but must not tip the scale and overpower like the traditional bureaucratic role dictates to do so. I will draw upon Josserand et al (2012) and Rossen (1988) to examine howRead MoreMicroeconomic and Tourism1182 Words   |  5 Pages . Operations and Strategy). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... . * Figure 3: Determinants Of Competitiveness (Quality of The National Business . Environment). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. * Figure 4: Quality Of The National Business Environment)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. * Figure 5: The Dubai Logistics Clusters Map†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. * Figure 6: Dubai Tourism Cluster Map†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing industriesRead Morethe Environment Suffers Because Business Has No Ethics. Discuss1121 Words   |  5 Pages‘The environment suffers because business has no ethics’ discuss Business Ethics can be defined as the critical and structured examination of how people amp; institutions should behave in the commerce world. Furthermore, it particularises the involvement of examining appropriate limitations upon the pursuit of complete self-interest; however, this may also apply for firm profits when the actions of each individual or firm affects others in some form. If the business really has no ethics, it canRead MoreThe Knowledge Process And Management s Role1512 Words   |  7 Pagesmethodological choice, and the findings. Study Nesheim, Olsen, and Tobiassen (2011) completed a study to determine how knowledge communities contribute to the application of knowledge within an organization. The firm selected is located in Norway and exists as a result of the merger between two firms, which occurred two years earlier. The combination of the two firms created a complex, matrix -like structure that is located in national and international regions. The purpose of this examinationRead MoreMcgraw Hill Companies, Inc.1325 Words   |  6 Pagesinstructors (globally) enables the firm to be up-to-date with teachers’ needs, desires, and wishes, and create tools, services, and platforms that will make teaching and learning interesting and exciting. The company’s desire is to increase the students’ grades and passing statistics by making studying as affordable and easy as possible. It’s the wish of the firm to create more educated people that is a noble intention (McGraw-Hill Education). McGraw-Hill takes part in community responsibility by trying toRead MoreEntrepreneurship Analysis948 Words   |  4 Pagesentrepreneurial heart of Austin, TX. The once-quiet city has quickly become an epicenter of economic growth. Today, Austin is full of entrepreneurs, incubators, investors and involvement. Within their thriving ecosystem, entrepreneurial-support organizations offer a sense of community and belonging. It is no secret that Austin is a one of the most popular cities in the United States. Being the state capital of Texas, Austin is comprised of nearly one million people, and it is continuously growing and expandingRead MoreLush Fresh Handmade Cosmetics : The Maintenance Of Valued Resources1604 Words   |  7 Pagesin the physical environment. Valued resources are regarded as those that are non-renewable and unable to be created by human labour such as: petrol, coal, minerals, air quality etc. Risking these precious resources by conducting unsustainable practices causes a major decline in the long term quality of life, destruction of the environment and possible extinction of non-renewable resources. Issues with unsustainable practices are gaining more awareness within society and communities recently. ThisRead MoreResearch Design And Sample Selection1572 Words   |  7 Pagessocial, governance, environmental practices. It is important to note that the KLD data base provide analysis for SP 500 firms. The KLD data base provides 7 dimensions of CSR: community, diversity, employee, environment, product, human rights, and corporate governance. And in this study, five qualitative measures of CSR are employed: community, diversity, employee, environment, and product. To generate the CSR net score variable, the total score of these five qualitative measure are subtracted from

Leadership and Systematic Change Essay - 1545 Words

Leadership and Systematic Change Essay Stephanie Boxler Grand Canyon University EDA-575 April 24, 2013 Leadership and Systematic Change An article about leadership by Forbes magazine sums it up best by saying that leadership is simply â€Å"someone who has followers† (Frobes.com, 2013). The school subject is Innovations International Charter School of Nevada (IICSN), and in this facility there is only one administrator. This administrator will be referred to as Dr.M throughout this essay. In the following essay, leadership style and application will be addressed, as well as information on systematic change. Throughout this week, systematic change has been the topic of conversation, so in this essay, there will be a discussion as to†¦show more content†¦The betterment of the school is always front and foremost at IICSN. Even though things go wrong, the administration always makes sure that the students and staff are safe, regardless of what is happening with other teacher, parents, and students. Systemic change is a recurrent process in which the influence of change on all parts and their relationships to one another are taken into contemplation. Systematic change allows for change on the policy, technology, education, and information levels, it goes beyond thinking about individuals and single problems. Change is an important part of progress and systematic change is a huge undertaking for a school, even any business. People are resistant to change, they like being comfortable, but sometimes being comfortable is not being effective. This week while discussing change, an article stood out; the author wrote â€Å"†¦comprehensive school reform will succeed only if it’s predicated on a sustained, cooperative, and trusting relationship among parents, school and district staff, and the school board governing the system† (Usdan, 2010, pp.9). In many ways this is true, systematic change is such a large amount of change, people that are not supportive of the change can ultimately cause it to fail. In some cases, one person’s lack of interest in the change can cause a successful school toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Eda 575 Leadership and Systematic Change1422 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: LEADERSHIP AND SYSTEMATIC CHANGE Leadership and Systematic Change Ronte Harris Grand Canyon University: EDA-575 January 16, 2013 Often times the largest and most complex challenge in leadership is the ability to recognize the need and institute change. 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Marx and Weber within Religion Free Essays

string(223) " this a cause and effect phenomenon as this illusory hope of common and exploited folk further distoirts the socio-economic condition and in this way self-alienation of individual oincreases with more reliance on religion\." Marx and Durkheim jointly cover the nucleus of the sociological thought on various issues. They encompass the major issues within the sociological tradition. Religion remained their favorite sociological subject and their have speculated over the issue in the modern sociological context. We will write a custom essay sample on Marx and Weber within Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marxian reflection on the sociology of religion is very limited whereas Durkheim has contributed largely on the philosophical and sociological issues pertaining to religion.   Marx is considered as an avant-garde sociologist on the concept of religion. Being influenced by Hegel’s philosophy, Marx considers religion is a manifestation of â€Å"material realities and economic injustice†. Therefore, he labels problems in religion are eventually ultimate social problems. Most of the Marxian thought on the sociological aspects of religion is reflected in the quite a few opening paragraphs of his â€Å"Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: Introduction.† These are the same passages that include his widely quoted pronouncement on religion, that â€Å"it is the opium of the people.† Nevertheless, this statement by Marx can not be taken as demonstration of Marxian religious view. It is often misquoted devoid of its context. Marx’s starts his essay â€Å"Contribution to a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right† with such words; â€Å"For Germany the criticism of religion is in the main complete, and criticism of religion is the premise of all criticism.† (Marx 1964B: 43) This raises the concerns why Marx has pronounced religious criticism as the essential element of all criticisms. The basic factor that compelled Marx to declare religious criticism as the basic form was the magnitude of significance that religion holds in the lives of humans. Now the question arises why Marx has declared the criticism of religion as he basic of all criticisms. John Macmurrary considers that it was the acknowledgement of historical judgment on the part of Marx. It was an illustration of his understanding on the social function of religion. He says in this regard; By criticism, in this phrase, we must be careful to understand what Marx understood by it, not the blank denial of religion, but the historical understanding of its necessity and function in society, which leads to its dialectical negation when its function is completed. Marx meant that the understanding of religion was the key to the understanding of social history. (Macmurrary 1935: 219) Mckown reinforces the same understanding like Mcmurray that Marx deems religion as a useful social tool and this thinking developed as profound analysis of social history pertaining to religion. But Mckown further emphasizes that this statement has too much generalization. (Mckown, 1975. p.46) Marx further asserts that religion is the production of social evolution and its serves society and state in several ways.   He does not eulogize religion but consider it of vital importance for layman as it enriches their lives with sense of worth. He says in this regards; Religion is, indeed, the self-consciousness and self-esteem of man who has either not yet won through to himself, or has already lost himself again. But man is no abstract being squatting outside the world. Man is the world of man—state, society. This state and this society produce religion, which is an inverted consciousness of the world, because they are an inverted world. Religion is the general theory of this world, its encyclopedic compendium, its logic in popular form, its spiritual point d’honneur, its enthusiasm, its moral sanction, its solemn complement, and its universal basis of consolation and justification. It is the fantastic realization of the human essence since the human essence has not acquired any true reality. The struggle against religion is, therefore, indirectly the struggle against that world whose spiritual aroma is religion. (Marx, 1964) Appraisal of religion is primary as religion creates the inverted delusions that the religion world i.e life hereafter, deities etc. is factual and that the material world is a shadow of that real life. So in his criticism of â€Å"religion†, he hit any religion that capsizes the physical world from being the primary reality. As an acquittal from his explicit attack on, Marx lessens his negative perception by evaluating the foundational purpose of religion in this way; â€Å"Religious suffering is at the same time an expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the sentiment of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.† Marx’s religious viewpoint is not sympathetic toward religion and he does not consider it an extra-human phenomenon. But he is of the view hat religion is a product of society in order to provide solace to the distressed people. It was the mechanization of the poor to create an illusory world for themselves to create an escape from harsh realities of life. So he thinks that abolition of religion is necessary to eradicate the illusory world and create an environment for their real happiness. He says that religion is not a malady in itself but it is the indication and the remedy (simultaneously) of that malady i.e. religion is an expression and solution to a more fundamental happiness. So Marxian assertions about religion are not negative as they are often understood and interpreted. It manifests that Marx has a â€Å"partial validation of religion† until a suitable economic system does not remove the causes that created it. Marxian idea of religion derives its strength from his idea of â€Å"alienation†. He think hat it was â€Å"alienation† [1] that dehumanize the individuals and religious opium comes as a minimum resistance by the exploited people that provides illusory hope against the real exploitation. Another Marxian critic, Norman Birnbaum (1969), interpret this phenomenon in his way, to Marx, â€Å"religion is a spiritual response to a condition of alienation.† (p.126) Illustrating the ultimate and real purpose of religion (contrary to the view of the commom folk), he further exaplin Marxian view; â€Å"Religion was conceived to be a powerful conservative force that served to perpetuate the domination of one social class at the expense of others.† (Ibid 127).† So this a cause and effect phenomenon as this illusory hope of common and exploited folk further distoirts the socio-economic condition and in this way self-alienation of individual oincreases with more reliance on religion. You read "Marx and Weber within Religion" in category "Essay examples" Raines[2] sums up the Marxian sociology of religion in this way; â€Å"Like the Hebrew prophets of old, Marx knew that to speak of social justice we must become socially self-critical, and that means becoming critical of the ruling powers—whether they be kings or priests or investment bankers†¦. For Marx, all ideas are relative to the social location and interests of their production. And like the prophets before him, the most revealing perspective is not from the top down or the center outward, but the†¦point of view of the exploited and marginalized. Suffering can see through and unveil official explanations; it can cry out and protest against the arrogance of power.† (Raines) To Durkheim, religion was a social phenomenon that originates directly from the social needs of a society but he considers it an essential regulating force that shapes and determines the consciousness of a society. But its most important purpose is social cohesion. A close analysis of history by Durkheim[3] reflected that religion is a valid and vital force that binds the individuals and societies together.   Describing Durkheim motives o study religion on a broader level, Lewis Coser write in his monumental work â€Å"Maters of Sociological Thought†; Durkheim’s earlier concern with social regulation was in the main focused on the more external forces of control, more particularly legal regulations that can be studied, so he argued, in the law books and without regard to individuals. Later he was led to consider forces of control that were internalized in individual consciousness. Being convinced that â€Å"society has to be present within the individual,† Durkheim, following the logic of his own theory, was led to the study of religion, one of the forces that created within individuals a sense of moral obligation to adhere to society’s demands. (Coser, 1977. p. 136) Durkheim main concern was trace down the social origin of religion. the sociological interpretaion of religion. Fot this purpose, he tried to comprehend the basic forms of social religions. He   illustrated that Australian Toteism is the most rudimentary form of a religion. He considers that it was the basic social necessity of the social entity that compelled that group to devise a religious activity. Further explaining the social origin of religion, Durkhein says that religion is an epitome of social cohesion. To Durkheim, society was not a mere collection of individual but is has other internal and external dimensions. Internally, it is the substantial device that moulds our beliefs and attitudes while on the external horizon, it exerts and maintains pressures from the society to facilitate conformity to the above-mentioned collective beliefs and attitudes. For these two purposes, it devised the religious activity. He thought that the absolute purpose of religion is to enable people to show a willingness put their invidual interests and personal propensities and to put interests of society ahead of their own. So it capaciates the people to get ready for a cohesive social life. Ultimately, if individuals want to be happy, so they must regulate their individual needs and aspirations and their propensities must be confined into limits. This regulatory role must thus be executed by an external agency superior to the individual i.e. by society. Both these feature of social facts explains clearly that society is an independent entity that works for the collective benefits and dies not surrender to individual proclivities and requirements. Religion acts as social tool for this regulatory role of society. Religion internalizes that regulatory process and individuals act on that as an obligation. Durkheim consider religion as â€Å"society divinised† because religion only acts in the social domain. Durkheim observes god of divine manifestations of it as society itself. He takes god in the functional perspective and attributes functional traits to god and further links these characteristics to social phenomenon. For example, he says that â€Å"god is first of all a being that man conceives of as superior to himself in some respects and one on whom he believes he depends. †¦ Society also fosters in us the sense of perpetual dependence. †¦ Society requires us to make ourselves its servants, forgetful of our own interests†. (Elementary Forms for Religious Life, p. 208-209). Durkheim deems religion as â€Å"a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden—beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them† (Elementary Forms for Religious Life, p. 47). He makes an important distinction in religious domain that is based on the separation of human experiences i.e. profane and the Sacred. Profane is the dominion of mundane life experiences i.e. routine work, daily life activities etc. This sphere has an ultimate utilitarian approach. The sacred realm constitutes of no-mundane experiences that includes he recognition of a non-empirical authority and non-utilitarian activities.   He says in this regard; A society whose members are united by the fact that they think in the same way in regard to the sacred world and its relations with the profane world, and by the fact that they translate these common ideas to common practices, is what is called a Church. In all history, we do not find a single religion without a Church. (Elementary Forms for Religious Life, p. 44) So a superior fusion of profane and sacred life makes the social cohesion that is necessary to put the civilization on the path of progress and prosperity. He describes the social association as an incarnation of relation between individuals and divinity. Coser says in this regard; â€Å"Religion is eminently social: it occurs in a social context, and, more importantly, when men celebrate sacred things, they unwittingly celebrate the power of their society. This power so transcends their own existence that they have to give it sacred significance in order to visualize it. (Coser, 1977. p. 136) Durkheim does not support Comte’s assertion that humans must endeavor to create a new â€Å"humanitarian cult† based on the rational principles. Durkheim like Marx does not suggest an abrupt ending to religion but reinforces the Marxian that it should work until an appropriate alternative does not replace this vital sociological tool. He says in this regard, â€Å"We must discover the rational substitutes for these religious notions that for a long time have served as the vehicle for the most essential moral ideas.† (Moral Education, 1961. p.9) Coser sums up the religions ultimate function as described by Durkhein, in this way; Finally, religion has a euphoric function in that it serves to counteract feelings of frustration and loss of faith and certitude by reestablishing the believers’ sense of well-being, their sense of the essential rightness of the moral world of which they are a part. By countering the sense of loss, which, as in the case of death, may be experienced on both the individual and the collective level, religion helps to reestablish the balance of private and public confidence. (Coser, 1976. p.139) So Both Marx and Durkheim consider religion important social tools that give purpose and meaning to the human life.[4] Both consider the values of world religions i.e. intrinsic value and dignity of human perspective an important element but Marx views it as a toll of the oppressor to perpetuate its practices and to provide a fictitious idealism of human dignity to the common folk.   However both consider institution of religion as an imperative social necessity hitherto. References Bellah, Robert. â€Å"Durkheim and History.† American Sociological Review 24 (1959): 447- 61. Chiodi, P. Sartre and Marxism. Harvester Press Ltd. 1976. Coser, Lewis A. Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. 1977. Emile Durkheim, Moral Education. New York; The Free Press.1961. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York; The Free Press, 1954. Macmurrary, John. The Early Development of Marx’s thought in Christianity and The Social Revolution. Ed. John Lewis;  Karl Polanyi;  Donald K Kitchin. London, Gollancz, 1935. Mckown, Delos Banning. The classical Marxist critiques of religion: Marx, Engels, Lenin, Kautsky. The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff, 1975. Marx. Karl. Introduction to a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. 1844 Pickering, W. S. F. Durkheim’s Sociology of Religion: Themes and Theories. London: Routledge K. Paul. 1984. Raines, John. Marx on Religion. Philadelphia : Temple University Press, 2002. [1] Chiodi, the famous Marxian critic, Has defined Marx concept of alienation in these words; â€Å" It is the negative process by which a subject makes himself other than himself by virtue of a constraint which is capable of being removed on the initiative of the subject himself. â€Å" (Chiodi, 1976. p.80) [2] John Raines is Professor of Religion at Temple University. [3] Most of the Durkheim’s critics regards his findings as theoretical and ahistorical contemplations but Bellah is of the view that â€Å"Almost all of [Durkheim’s] own researches draw heavily from historical and ethnological sources and are in fact organized in an historical framework† (p.  448). [4] Durkheim considers it the ultimate function whereas Marx labels it as inverted and pretended reality. How to cite Marx and Weber within Religion, Essay examples

Social Inequality Essays - Social Inequality, Social Status

Social Inequality As we prosper through time, inequality is slowly less evident. A lot of people don't realize that although things are improving with time, inequality is still prominent in our society. The people that are failing to realize that there still is inequality, are the fortunate ones. They rise well above the poverty line, and usually live relatively economically sound lives. They are the people who are supplied with our society's benefits. The people that are in pursuit of social change, and constantly bring attention to issues of equal rights and privileges, are often the people that do not have them. They are the ones who suffer daily from different levels of inequality. The majority of post-secondary students are considered to be privileged people. This tends to cause an ignorance, or lack of education, towards inequality because most of the students do not experience great levels of inequality. When our class was given our first quiz, everybody was able to feel a sense of inequality. As the class was divided into the different time groups, every student felt the unequal opportunity. Even the students that were allotted the most time for the quiz were able to at least see the inequality. As different times were announced the less fortunate students began to complain, and the more fortunate ones realized that their once equal peers, were now placed in an unequal situation. Since most of the students do not experience great amounts of inequality, the unequal time distribution shocked them. Fortunately for myself, I have grown up in an upper-middle class family. Although my parents have always tried to educate me on inequality, I never experienced much of it. During the class exercise I was placed in group three, and was given six minutes to complete my quiz. Although this was almost enough time for me to complete my quiz, I was definitely jealous of the students that were allotted more time. Even though the groups were arranged randomly, I still felt like I was treated unequally to my peers. I felt unequal to both my peers that had more, and less time, than me. The situation made me angry, and I wanted an explanation from the instructor for the unequal situation that was forced upon me. I felt the injustice because I had a different time to write my quiz than a neighboring peer; who pays the same tuition, and attends the same class as I do. I wanted to know why some of my peers were given more time than I was, thus enabling them to possibly score higher on the quiz. Th is quiz was the first mark of the course, and was I worried that my first grade was going to be a poor one. When the instructor explained the purpose of the exercise I realized what an excellent point he had proven. He forced us in an unequal situation that was out of our control. It was nothing we could have predicted or done anything about. This unique exercise put me on a new level of stratification that I was not used to. It made me feel how other people, not only in my society, but worldwide, feel about inequality everyday. The difference was that I was soon given an explanation, and returned to my regular level of stratification. Many people in our society are given no explanation to their forced inequality. Although the classroom exercise does not compare to the real world, it still stirred feelings of rage, helplessness and discouragement. Looking through the window of the unequal situation changed my views on lower groups of society. It made me realize how difficult social mobility can be. I can understand the Davis-Moore thesis, which states that stratification has beneficial consequences. It is easy for people on the higher end of the stratification hierarchy to agree with this because they believe that the harder one works, the more they will achieve, thus promoting production in society. Individuals at lower ends of the stratification system disagree with that. Their social status prevents them from achieving their best because all of the benefits and advantages are given to those of a higher status. The lower class is constantly denied society's privileges, such as education. This

The Impact of Very Light Jets on Small Airports

The Impact of Very Light Jets on Small Airports Free Online Research Papers Very Light Jets are the way of the future. These small 4-6 passenger jet aircraft will improve on everyday personal and business travel. If you have not already heard of these amazing aircraft you soon will. The jets are said to weigh approximately as much as a minivan at maximum weight of only ten thousand pounds they will be the Sport Utility Vehicles of our skies. By the year 2016 the Federal Aviation Administration is predicting that four thousand five hundred Very Light Jets will be in operation. The new airplanes will be flying to and from non-congested, underused airports; while this is great in the way of congestion and gridlock at the major hub airports it means that these less used airports are going to have to undergo major changes in order to ready themselves for the up coming aircraft. Aviation has always had stability issues, but typically there has been growth throughout its history. Traveling by air will always be the most time efficient form of travel. With this said there is still a need for improvement. Although flying reduces actual in route time, the time it takes to get to the airport and jump the hurdles of the big airport environment has increased significantly since September 11. There are people that travel frequently and require a form of expedited travel. Business jets or corporate flights are options but can be costly which makes it out of reach for the average person. Very Light Jets (VLJs) will bridge the gap between commercial air carrier service and corporate flight by being cost effective and time efficient. The economic growth that VLJs are expected to bring is already showing the world its possibilities. In June of 2006, DayJet announced that they have chose to open a point-to-point, on demand jet service in Tallahassee, Florida in addition to Boca Raton, Gainesville, Lakeland, and Pensacola. Tallahassee is projected to receive a total annual economic impact in excess of $16 million from the arrival of DayJet within its first three years of operation. (Close D. DeMichele B., 2006). Within the communities served by DayJet there will be locations for new and expanding businesses due to the improved workforce mobility, market convenience and productivity of employment. In addition to DayJet’s direct economic contributions through petroleum, rent and employment, travelers using the per-seat, on-demand services, also referred to as Air Taxis will cause increased utilization of airport-related services, including rental lots and taxi services. With the arrival of DayJet, the state of Florida expects two thousand employment opportunities for high skilled, high waged employees. Operators of air taxis will be centering their maintenance amenities and aircrafts within a number of communities that they will be serving. The personnel connected with these operations will live within the communities. This will add jobs to the local economy, including customer service and ground personnel, pilots, and maintenance workers. According to calculations by Virginia Polytechnic Institute, who separates VLJ service into three categories; per seat on-demand, service and maintenance facilities (type one); per seat on-demand, service only (type two) and destination or aircraft charter service only (type three). By 2017 there will be a need for one hundred eighteen pilots, twenty maintenance workers and six ground staff for type one, and additional forty seven pilots and six ground members will be need from type two service and none needed within the type three service. Direct impacts on the local economies would also include the salaries and benefits associated with these j obs as well as other spending by air taxi operators on aircraft maintenance, fuel, and aircraft landing and overnight parking fees. (Eclipse Aviation, 2006). It is indicated that spending will total over $5.8 million annually by 2017 within a type two community and close to $16 million within type one communities. Benefits to communities with no based aircraft (Type 3) would be small, by contrast, due to the fact that spending directly related to VLJ operations would be limited to landing and overnight fees. Even fuel purchases at these airports would be limited as refueling would most likely occur at the airports where the aircraft are based. (Eclipse Aviation, 2006). Along with job positions made available for pilots, maintenance workers and ground staff. The new VLJ operators will have positions open for airport mangers, janitorial services and light catering or vending services. We will also see an indirect impact on the local communities, passengers who travel within the VLJ communities will spend their money on a number of other services as well. VLJ customers will need to arrange for means of transportation in the way of taxis, rental cars or limousine rentals. Those staying for more than a single day will also purchase hotel accommodations, although it may be that some travelers will take advantage of the flexible travel schedule allowed by VLJs to make their return trip sooner, where the longer travel times of automobiles or the less flexible schedule of regular air carriers would have resulted in them staying in the community for an additional night. (Eclipse Aviation, 2006). Passengers will also obtain food and beverages and are sure to visit local shopping centers and small retail stores. Not only will travelers using VLJs spend within these community bases, but the employees of the VLJ operators will also spend a good portion of their wages locall y within the area they work and live. This cycle will continue by local businesses spending a portion of the income made within the local community, leading to more job openings with in other companies due to increased sales. (Eclipse Aviation, 2006). Not only will there be a large impact on small local areas but on the nations economys well. A large number of qualified personnel will be necessary in order to produce the aircraft and the operations of these services. VLJs will be operating out of airports that could not be of service to most other passenger aircraft. In March of 2006 the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) screened candidates in the following areas, public use, location, runway length of at least three thousand five hundred feet, paved runway, width of at least seventy-five feet and runway edge lights. Only two thousand and seventy four airports out of more then nineteen thousand (most are private) met these standards. Modernizing airport communications is essential. The FAA has begun replacing its old radar-based ground stations with newer equipment that uses global positioning satellites. With a more accurate picture of air traffic, controllers will be able to land more planes per hour by squeezing them together. (Business Weekly, 2006). At a cost of near $600 million, the first stage of renovation will be complete in the year 2010. Carriers are trying to influence Congress on the way air traffic control systems are funded an d to charge private aircraft more than they are paying now in order to help pay for the over all renovation. Most of the VLJs will have superior avionics as optional or standard equipment. As to equipage, most VLJs will include advanced integrated avionics as standard or optional equipment. For example, the Eclipse will be equipped to support: 1. Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) for precision surveillance monitoring 2. Dual GPS with wide area augmentation system (WAAS) for precision navigation 3. Auto-throttles, advanced cockpit automation system color weather radar 4. Dual flight management systems (FMS) for trajectory-based operations in today’s environment and in the new generation army target system (NGATS) of tomorrow 5. Data link communications capability to connect to tomorrow’s network centric asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) architecture. The VLJ will perceive itself to be better prepared then most of todays commercial aircrafts. In short, the typical VLJ will distinguish itself as better equipped than many of the aircraft in today’s commercial fleets. (Robinson Planzer, 2006). Many VLJ pilots are expected to be aviators who are stepping up from turboprops and single-engine piston-powered aircraft and may be interested in operating the new light twinjets as single pilots in the high-altitude, high-speed environment. (NBAA, 2004). Because of this reason, pilots will need to undergo more in-depth training. Before undergoing in a very light jet education classes, an initial evaluation to determine ability in a number of areas must be given. These include flight skills assessment, practical in-flight exam to test instrument skills and airman ship, oral exam to evaluate judgment skills, written exam to determine aeronautical knowledge. A significant part for the safe operation of the VLJ will be in the understanding gained from post rating training. The post rating training should include, winter operations, summer operations, Crew Resource Management (CRM) and Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM) applications, establishing personal operating minimums and fati gue. The manufacturer’s training can be described as the â€Å"nuts and bolts† portion of the training. It is technical in nature and designed to instruct the student on the specific aircraft. (NBAA, 2005). The class is to contain maneuvers, pre-training study package review and testing, aircraft systems, aircraft servicing, auto flight skills, avionics and navigation, emergency and abnormal procedures, limitations and specifications, oxygen, placards and maintenance requirements, fuel, oil, hydraulic fluid, tires, potable water and lavatory. There will also be a need for an annual recurrent training in addition to the initial training needed. There has been great concern that traffic in the skis will become very congested once VLJs are in operation. These concerns come from both the growing number of jets and the slower mach .64 speeds at with they fly. Thankfully, this presumption is not the case. While from time to time, VLJ will need to fly at a higher altitude current FMS have technology already established to allow faster moving aircrafts to move around slower moving ones. In fact, even if a VLJ operator decides to operate into a hub airport, that operation will not cause congestion. â€Å"The effect of VLJ operations into hub airports will be minimal for a number of reasons: VLJ pilots will need adequate prior experience and will receive rigorous training, equivalent in many cases to that for commercial pilots; VLJ aircraft will have advanced integrated avionics to provide enhanced pilot situational awareness, enable seamless traffic flow integration and optimal spacing with commercial traffic flows; VLJs are cap able of operating at speeds compatible to those of commercial jet aircraft, throughout the terminal area and until well inside the final approach fix; VLJ climb and descent rates are compatible with commercial turbojet aircraft; VLJ aircraft can land and depart safely using shorter runways, unusable by commercial jet traffic. (Raburn, 2006). Because VLJ are traveling shorter routes, under six hundred statutes they will travel at a lower altitude for the most part. They will also be flying to and from smaller underused airports cutting congestion. The VLJ will use their aircrafts to go to places commercial flights do not, thus avoiding the congestion associated with the larger hubs. The reality is that there is significant available airspace to accommodate these new aircraft. (Raburn, 2006). You have to remember that airspace is not a two lane high way it is three-dimensional. VLJ are able of getting out of the way of larger or faster flying aircrafts, moving around airspace is some thing aircrafts do day in and day out. As you can see there are many opportunities for local communities to grow economically, which are needed in this current economy. There are no real concrete plans that were found to welcome this form of travel to this region, but one can expect big developments. Air travel is big right now and people will definitely embrace a more convenient way to fly. References (2006, Febuary 26). ST Engineering and Adam Aircraft sign strategic partnership for very light jet and piston aircraft. Retrieved November 28, 2006, from Singapore Technologies areospace Web site: staero.aero/www/newsevents_newsarticle.asp?newsid=OTAwMDAwMDA4Mwarc=bm8 Bodeen, C Flight Simulators and VLJ Training. Very Light Jet Magazine, Retrieved November 17, 2006, from verylightjetmagazine.com/articles/2006_08a.pdf Business Weekly, (2006, June 5). Snarl In The Sky. NEWS: ANALYSIS COMMENTARY, Retrieved November 17, 2006, from businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_23/b3987036.htm Close, D., DeMichele, B (2006, June 14). DayJet Names Tallahassee as a DayPort Location. Dayjet. Eclipse Aviation, (2006, May 10). The Economic Impact of Very Light Jets. Retrieved November 19, 2006, from eclipse aviation Web site: eclipseaviation.com/files/pdf/EconomicImpactOfVLJs.pdf Infanger, J. F. (2006, Arpil 4). Airport Business. Retrieved November 28, 2006, from Theres Change in the Wind Web site: airportbusiness.com/publication/article.jsp?pubId=1id=4727 Raburn, V. (2006). New Aircraft In The US Aviation System. Robinson, J, L. Planzer, (2006). N Very Light Jets Impact on NAS Operations. Salamone, M., Potential Impacts of Very Light Jets on U.S. Airports. Retrieved November 28, 2006, from TRB Web site: trb.org/trbnet/projectdisplay.asp?projectid=125 Sharkey, J. (2006, March 9). Standing on a Runway Hailing an Air Taxi. Retrieved November 28, 2006, from CASA Web site: casa.aero/news.asp?news_id=42display=yes Strait, B. Very Light Jets And Aviation Safety. Very Light Jet Magazine, Retrieved November 17, 2006, from verylightjetmagazine.com/articles.php?art=2006_04a Strait, B. Very Light Jets The New Air Transport Technology. Very Light Jet Magazine, Retrieved November 17, 2006, from verylightjetmagazine.com/articles.php?art=2006_01 NBAA, (2005, January). NBAA Training Guidelines for. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from NBAA News Web site: http://web.nbaa.org/public/ops/safety/vlj/VLJ_Training_Guidelines.pdf NBAA, (2004, October 13). Safety Town Hall Meeting Focuses on VLJs. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from NBAA News Web site: http://web.nbaa.org/public/cs/amc/2004/articles/safety.php Research Papers on The Impact of Very Light Jets on Small AirportsNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesDefinition of Export QuotasThe Project Managment Office System

Keep the Fire Burning

Keep the Fire Burning C. Hope Clark entered my life 11 years ago, just when I had made a 10-year commitment to improving my writing: entering more contests, applying for more grants and submitting more applications to publishers and for artist residencies. Hope sits on my desktop every day. When I need to remember that I am not alone in this writing struggle, feeling like bursting into tears after another rejection, I open the computer document titled HOPE and my world is transformed from despair into opportunity with one simple click.    Here I find every snippet of fodder that I have carefully cut and pasted from C. Hope Clarks weekly FundsforWriters email. After doing this for several years, this document was pretty messy. One day I reorganized it: Book Publishers, Magazines, Grants, Jobs, Artist-in-Residencies, Workshops/Classes and Wisdom; perhaps the most important section because it included tips for remaining sane while striving for success. Within each category bold, italics and underline were added. I reduced the font size down to 9 and narrowed the margins so I can get more opportunities on one page. And I have developed my own style of shorthand so that each opportunity can be reduced down to just two lines if at all possible. Why? Because I learned that once the document is over 25 pages long,   it felt too cumbersome to peruse for the next opportunity. Some weeks I only do one category for the week, but about once a month I save an afternoon (usually Friday while Im waiting for her newest email to arri ve) and I read through the entire document, slowly and carefully. I use text colors to make things pop visually and for the best opportunities I add highlighting. Now I have bold, italics, bold-italics, colored text, underlines, a variety of font styles and highlighting. Deadlines passed. Offerings had to be deleted. I added a Submissions category where entries are carefully documented: fee, date, title and word count for each entry. Then the Rejected category which included any comments offered and finally my favorite; a YES/Accepted category. This list began to grow as I began to understand that writing is not a goal; writing is a process. Every week I carefully cut and pasted anything that looked appealing re: publication or growth. I asked for opinions, joined a writers group and began to teach. And I always kept the HOPE file updated every week. I sat at my computer late on Fridays waiting for the email to arrive. I learned to keep that document on my desktop because it added more kindling to my inner burning desire to write. More than a decade has gone I take Hopes email very seriously. When it has been late arriving (seldom), dinner is delayed. It is that important. Hope encourages us to dream and she gives us innumerable reasons to never give up. Happy Writing! Laura Lee Perkinswww.LauraLeePerkinsAuthor.com spiritualquest@earthlink.net